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Copyright Office USA contro AI generativa: rimossa la direttrice dopo un rapporto sfavorevole ai giganti tech

Copyright Office USA contro AI generativa: rimossa la direttrice dopo un rapporto sfavorevole ai giganti tech

Il 9 maggio 2025, l’Ufficio del Copyright USA ha pubblicato un rapporto con cui critica duramente l’uso di opere protette per l’addestramento dei modelli di intelligenza artificiale generativa. Il documento mette in discussione il fair use come giustificazione per tali pratiche.

L’intelligenza artificiale (AI) generativa sta ridefinendo il panorama tecnologico e creativo globale, ma il suo sviluppo solleva questioni giuridiche fondamentali, in particolare sul fronte del diritto d’autore. Il 9 maggio scorso, l’Ufficio del Copyright USA ha espresso una posizione netta contro l’uso indiscriminato di opere protette per l’addestramento dei modelli AI. Il documento, destinato a influenzare futuri orientamenti normativi e giudiziari, critica esplicitamente il ricorso al concetto di “fair use” come scudo legale da parte di aziende come OpenAI, Google, Meta e Microsoft.

Dopo aver trattato il tema delle repliche digitali (Parte 1), della “proteggibilità” delle opere generate da AI (Parte 2), la Parte 3 dell’analisi prodotta dall’Ufficio USA affronta il nodo più delicato: l’utilizzo di opere dell’ingegno per l’addestramento dei modelli. In un altro articolo abbiamo spiegato come funziona l’intelligenza artificiale in modo semplice.

Il documento riconosce che i Large Language Models (LLM), si basano su enormi quantità di dati, tra cui opere coperte da copyright. La domanda centrale del report chiara: le attività di raccolta e utilizzo di questi contenuti richiedono il consenso o la remunerazione dei titolari dei diritti?

Fair use sotto accusa

Come accennato nell’introduzione, molte delle aziende che sviluppano modelli AI si sono difese sostenendo che l’uso dei contenuti altrui per l’addestramento dei modelli (si pensi alle risorse disponibili sul Web) rientri nel fair use, una dottrina del diritto statunitense che consente l’uso limitato di opere protette senza autorizzazione in determinati contesti (critica, insegnamento, ricerca).

Il Copyright Office specifica, tuttavia, quanto segue: “l’utilizzo commerciale su larga scala di opere protette per generare contenuti espressivi che competono direttamente con esse sul mercato, specialmente se ottenute tramite accesso illecito, va oltre i limiti stabiliti del fair use“.

In altre parole, l’addestramento non autorizzato su vasta scala a fini commerciali non può essere giustificato dal fair use, soprattutto quando il contenuto generato sostituisce economicamente le opere originali.

Conseguenze legali e politiche

Secondo Blake E. Reid, docente di diritto della tecnologia, il rapporto rappresenta una “pessima notizia per le aziende AI”, specie per quelle che stanno attualmente affrontando vertenze legali.

Le osservazioni appena diffuse dal Copyright Office, potrebbero avere un impatto determinante nei procedimenti legali in corso. Attualmente sono sotto esame OpenAI, Meta, Google e Microsoft, tutte accusate di violazioni sistematiche del diritto d’autore nel processo di addestramento dei loro modelli.

Gli analisti fanno inoltre notare come, a distanza di un solo giorno dalla pubblicazione del rapporto, Shira Perlmutter, a capo del Copyright Office, sia stata rimossa dal suo incarico. Il deputato democratico Joe Morelle ha definito la novità come “tutt’altro che una coincidenza”, suggerendo che Perlmutter abbia pagato il prezzo per non aver assecondato le pressioni di Elon Musk, che vorrebbe liberalizzare l’uso delle opere protette per passarle ai modelli generativi.

Musk ha recentemente sostenuto l’idea di Jack Dorsey (cofondatore ed ex CEO di Twitter) di abolire il diritto d’autore. Nel frattempo, Musk sta migliorando il suo modello Grok sfruttando i contenuti pubblici della piattaforma X (ex Twitter). La netta presa di posizione del Copyright Office contro le pratiche di scraping non autorizzato si oppone direttamente a questi intenti.

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