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Alias Linux: cosa sono e come si usano | IlSoftware.it

Alias Linux: cosa sono e come si usano

Spieghiamo come funzionano gli alias Linux e perché sono così utili sul sistema operativo del pinguino per velocizzare le operazioni di tutti i giorni.

In ambiente GNU/Linux capita spesso di trovarsi a digitare sempre gli stessi comandi. È vero che premendo ad esempio i tasti freccia nella finestra del terminale, è possibile recuperare i comandi digitati in precedenza. Gli alias Linux, tuttavia, risultano particolarmente utili per rappresentare singoli comandi o sequenze usando abbreviazioni di semplice utilizzo.

Grazie agli alias, gli utenti possono significativamente semplificare l’utilizzo della riga di comando. È ad esempio possibile ridurre il numero di caratteri da digitare per accedere all’uso di un comando usato di frequente oppure creare scorciatoie personalizzate.

Cosa sono e come funzionano gli alias Linux

Come accennato in apertura, gli alias Linux sono “scorciatoie” che rappresentano un comando o un insieme di essi: questi ultimi possono essere eseguiti con oppure senza opzioni personalizzate.

Supponiamo di utilizzare la distribuzione Ubuntu: aprendo la finestra del terminale e digitando alias, si ottiene la lista degli alias impostati per l’utente correntemente in uso. Ad esempio, l’alias ll attiva il comando ls -alF. Quest’ultimo, che mostra il contenuto della cartella visualizzando tutti i file, inclusi quelli nascosti, in forma dettagliata, è certamente più complesso rispetto a un semplice ll.

Di fatto, è possibile creare un alias usando nomi arbitrari: basta anche un singolo carattere per riferirsi a un comando specifico. Inoltre, è possibile creare alias Linux temporanei o permanenti.

Alias Linux

Creazione di un alias Linux temporaneo

Per creare un alias temporaneo, che durerà solo per la sessione corrente della finestra del terminale aperta, è possibile usare la seguente sintassi:

alias nome_alias='comando'

Esempio:

alias lla='ls -la'

In questo esempio, lla diventa un alias per ls -la, comando usato per elencare i file in formato dettagliato.

Creazione di un alias permanente

Per rendere un alias permanente, ovvero utilizzabile in qualunque momento, anche dopo il riavvio della macchina o aprendo una nuova finestra del terminale, è necessario aggiungerlo al file di configurazione della shell.

Bash, Zsh e Fish sono tutte shell Unix, ovvero interfacce a riga di comando che permettono agli utenti di interagire con il sistema operativo. Ognuna ha le sue caratteristiche specifiche e vantaggi.

A seconda della shell in uso, i file di configurazione sono diversi:

  • Bash: ~/.bashrc
  • ZSH: ~/.zshrc
  • Fish: ~/.config/fish/config.fish

Per impostare un alias permanente basta aprire il file di configurazione della shell con l’utilità nano (esempio: nano ~/.bashrc). Si può quindi aggiungere l’alias che si desidera utilizzare, alla fine del file (quindi, per esempio, alias lla='ls -la' visto in precedenza). Per ottenere il carattere della tilde (~) con la tastiera italiana, basta tenere premuto il tasto ALT Gr mentre si preme ì.

Si deve quindi salvare il file (CTRL+O) e uscire dall’editor di testo premendo CTRL+X.

Ricaricare il file di configurazione permette di applicare i cambiamenti senza dover riavviare il terminale:

source ~/.bashrc

Digitando, in questo caso, lla si ottiene il risultato corrispondente al comando definito come alias. Inoltre, scrivendo alias e premendo Invio, ci si può accertare dell’avvenuta aggiunta dell’alias permanente.

Come rimuovere un alias

Per eliminare un alias precedentemente aggiunto, è possibile usare il comando unalias seguito dal nome dell’alias Linux da rimuovere. Esempio:

unalias lla

Esempi di alias utili in ambiente Linux

Appreso cosa sono gli alias e a che cosa possono servire, ci si può sbizzarrire a crearne di utili per il lavoro di tutti i giorni. Quello seguente è un alias che permette di aggiornare il sistema operativo:

alias update='sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade'

Con quello successivo, ci si può portare rapidamente nella directory home:

alias home='cd ~'

Visualizzare i processi in modo dettagliato:

alias psu='ps aux | less'

Mostrare in che modo è utilizzato il disco:

alias du='du -h --max-depth=1'

In generale, va ricordato che gli alias non possono acquisire argomenti come i normali script o le funzioni utilizzabili dalla shell. Si possono usare comandi piuttosto complessi e concatenazioni all’interno di alias Linux. Per svolgere attività ancora più articolate, tuttavia, è sempre bene ricorrere ai tradizionali script .sh.

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