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Rischi per la sicurezza nelle infrastrutture energetiche: il caso degli inverter cinesi

Fotovoltaico cinese, scoperta una gravissima minaccia: potremmo restare al buio

In molti inverter cinesi per fotovoltaico ed eolico sono stati trovati dei moduli di comunicazione con la Cina non documentati: potrebbero servire per disattivare gli impianti da remoto.
Fotovoltaico cinese, scoperta una gravissima minaccia: potremmo restare al buio

La transizione verso le energie rinnovabili si trova a fronteggiare una minaccia invisibile che potrebbe compromettere la sicurezza delle infrastrutture energetiche occidentali. Secondo alcuni esperti di cybersicurezza, gli inverter solari di produzione cinese, elementi fondamentali per convertire l’energia generata da pannelli solari e turbine eoliche, potrebbero contenere componenti nascosti in grado di consentire accessi remoti non autorizzati, minacciando la stabilità delle reti elettriche.

Il Dipartimento dell’Energia degli Stati Uniti (DOE) ha avviato un’indagine dopo aver rilevato la presenza di dispositivi di comunicazione non documentati all’interno di batterie e inverter provenienti dalla Cina. Questi moduli cellulari nascosti potrebbero essere utilizzati per manipolare o disattivare gli inverter, causando potenzialmente blackout su vasta scala e compromettendo la sicurezza energetica nazionale.

Il predominio cinese nel mercato

La preoccupazione è amplificata dalla dominanza delle aziende cinesi nel mercato globale dell’energia rinnovabile. Aziende come Huawei, Sungrow e Ginlong Solis controllano una quota significativa delle forniture mondiali, con Huawei che da sola rappresenta quasi un terzo delle spedizioni globali di inverter per fotovoltaico nel 2022. In Europa, circa 200 GW di capacità solare dipendono da inverter di produzione cinese, evidenziando una dipendenza strategica che rende vulnerabili le infrastrutture critiche del continente.

Alcuni paesi europei, tra cui Lituania ed Estonia, hanno già adottato regolamentazioni per limitare l’accesso remoto ai dispositivi cinesi. Negli Stati Uniti, il Congresso sta valutando misure legislative per ridurre la dipendenza da fornitori cinesi, come il divieto di acquistare batterie da specifici produttori a partire dal 2027. Inoltre, diverse utility americane stanno diversificando le loro forniture, privilegiando produttori occidentali.

Il DOE, in collaborazione con altre agenzie federali, sta lavorando per rafforzare le catene di approvvigionamento nazionali e promuovere l’adozione di apparecchiature più sicure. Una strategia chiave è richiedere maggiore trasparenza ai produttori, attraverso inventari dettagliati dei componenti hardware e software utilizzati.

Un equilibrio delicato

La problematica mette in luce il difficile equilibrio tra la necessità di accelerare la transizione verso le energie rinnovabili e l’urgenza di garantire la sicurezza delle infrastrutture critiche. Con il crescente utilizzo di tecnologie interconnesse nelle reti elettriche, la cybersicurezza diventa un aspetto cruciale nella pianificazione energetica.

Mentre i paesi occidentali continuano a investire nelle energie rinnovabili, emerge la necessità di sviluppare alternative locali per ridurre i rischi reti elettriche legati alla dipendenza da componenti critici prodotti all’estero.

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