Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Site::$pingback is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/Site.php on line 180

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Post::$fonte is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/Core.php on line 71

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GNOME 50 abbandona X11: Mutter punta tutto su Wayland

GNOME 50 abbandona X11: Mutter punta tutto su Wayland

Mutter, il compositore di finestre di GNOME, rimuove definitivamente X11 a favore di Wayland. La mossa semplifica il codice, migliora sicurezza e prestazioni, e apre la strada a nuove funzionalità.
GNOME 50 abbandona X11: Mutter punta tutto su Wayland

Con la release GNOME 50, il noto desktop environment compie un passo storico: Mutter, il suo compositore di finestre, ha rimosso completamente il supporto per X11, puntando esclusivamente su Wayland. Il cambiamento rappresenta una semplificazione significativa dell’architettura e apre la strada a miglioramenti più rapidi e moderni.

Cos’è Mutter?

Mutter è il compositore e window manager principale di GNOME. È il software che gestisce le finestre delle applicazioni sullo schermo; controlla effetti grafici come animazioni, trasparenze, ombre; coordina input da tastiera e mouse.

Il componente è integrato con GNOME Shell, l’interfaccia utente del desktop, quindi gestisce sia l’aspetto grafico sia il comportamento delle finestre. Prima di GNOME 50, Mutter supportava due protocolli grafici principali: X11 e Wayland.

X11 e Wayland: cosa cambia

X11 è il vecchio protocollo grafico sul quale Linux si è basato per decenni. Permette alle applicazioni di comunicare con lo schermo e con i dispositivi di input. È potente, ma vecchio, complesso e insicuro, perché consente a qualsiasi applicazione di accedere a tutto il desktop, incluse altre finestre.

Wayland: è il successore moderno di X11. Ogni applicazione gestisce solo la propria “superficie” sullo schermo, migliorando sicurezza e prestazioni. Supporta funzionalità moderne come HDR, refresh rate variabile, multi-monitor con risoluzioni diverse e realtà virtuale.

Con GNOME 50, Mutter non include più il codice X11, ma continua a supportare le applicazioni X11 tramite XWayland, un layer di compatibilità. In questo modo è possibile eseguire software legacy, inclusi giochi e strumenti professionali, all’interno di una sessione Wayland.

Perché rimuovere X11?

La rimozione di X11 porta diversi vantaggi tecnici:

  • Semplificazione del codice: l’intervento effettuato su GNOME ha portato all’eliminazione di oltre 27.500 linee di codice obsolete.
  • Focus sul futuro: gli sviluppatori possono concentrarsi su Wayland, aggiungendo nuove funzionalità senza dover mantenere compatibilità con due protocolli.
  • Maggiore sicurezza: Wayland limita l’accesso globale allo schermo, riducendo il rischio di spyware o keylogger.
  • Prestazioni migliori: animazioni più fluide, gestione multi-monitor più efficiente e supporto migliorato per GPU moderne.

Criticità e limiti

Non tutto è perfetto: alcuni strumenti legacy, come xdotool (per automazioni lato GUI) o x2x (per controllare più PC da un solo mouse), richiedono coordinate globali dello schermo e non funzionano nativamente su Wayland. Inoltre, alcuni giochi possono comportarsi in modo anomalo quando usano XWayland.

Gli utenti professionali che dipendono da software X11 “a basso livello” sono chiamati a usare  XWayland come layer compatibile oppure compositori alternativi che implementano API aggiuntive.

In alternativa è possibile restare su desktop environment che ancora supportano X11 completo, come KDE con kwin-x11.

Impatto su distribuzioni e fork

Distribuzioni come Fedora e Ubuntu già usano Wayland di default. Tuttavia, sistemi BSD o utenti di software legacy potrebbero incontrare delle difficoltà.

Fork di Mutter, come quello usato da Cinnamon (Muffin), continueranno a supportare X11, mentre GNOME upstream non manterrà alcuna versione X11.

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