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Google: computer quantistici pronti tra 5-10 anni

Google: computer quantistici pronti tra 5-10 anni

Sundar Pichai prevede che i computer quantistici diventeranno pratici entro un decennio, mentre altri esperti, come Jensen Huang di NVIDIA, ritengono che serviranno vent’anni. A che punto siamo.

Il CEO di Google, Sundar Pichai, ha affermato che i computer quantistici potrebbero diventare strumenti pratici entro i prossimi cinque o dieci anni. Le sue dichiarazioni, tuttavia, sono antitetiche rispetto ad esempio a quelle di chi, come il CEO di NVIDIA Jensen Huang, ritiene che serviranno almeno vent’anni per ottenere un quantum computer realmente utile.

I computer quantistici sfruttano fenomeni della meccanica quantistica come la sovrapposizione degli effetti e l’entanglement per eseguire calcoli in tempi impensabili per i computer tradizionali. Nonostante i progressi significativi, la loro applicazione pratica è ancora limitata a ricerche scientifiche e sperimentazioni.

Google ha guidato molte delle innovazioni nel settore. Nel 2019, con il suo processore quantistico Sycamore, ha parlato di “supremazia quantistica” risolvendo in pochi minuti un calcolo che avrebbe richiesto migliaia di anni a un supercomputer classico. Nel gennaio 2025, IBM e Quantinuum hanno utilizzato un computer quantistico per studiare il trasporto di ossigeno nella emocianina, arrivando a sviluppare innovazioni che potrebbero aiutare nello sviluppo di vaccini antitumorali.

Nonostante questi successi, la maggior parte dei computer quantistici è ancora utilizzata per scopi di ricerca, e rimangono problemi aperti come la correzione degli errori quantistici e la scalabilità dei sistemi.

Le sfide del futuro per i computer quantistici

In un altro articolo abbiamo visto quali e quanti problemi può risolvere un computer quantistico. Tuttavia, uno dei principali ostacoli è l’errore quantistico, un problema intrinseco dei qubit, le unità fondamentali di calcolo quantistico. Quantinuum sta lavorando sulla correzione degli errori raggruppando più qubit fisici in qubit logici, riducendo così il tasso di errore e migliorando la stabilità dei calcoli.

Un’altra sfida è la scalabilità. Atom Computing ha sviluppato nel 2023 un computer quantistico da 1.180 qubit, mentre Pasqal ha annunciato nel 2024 di aver intrappolato con successo oltre 1.100 atomi di rubidio in una griglia quantistica, aumentando il potenziale di calcolo.

Secondo Laurent Prost, responsabile di prodotto della startup francese Alice & Bob, fino a dieci anni fa il quantum computing sembrava un semplice esperimento accademico, ma oggi è diventato un settore con un ecosistema globale in forte crescita.

Da parte sua, Google si conferma ottimista, con il responsabile della divisione AI quantistica, Hartmut Neven, che prevede applicazioni commerciali già nei prossimi cinque anni. Lo sviluppo di chip avanzati come Google Willow, capace di risolvere calcoli non affrontabili dai supercomputer tradizionali, dimostra i rapidi progressi che si stanno compiendo.

Tuttavia, affinché la computazione quantistica diventi davvero praticabile e diffusa, serviranno soluzioni efficaci per la correzione degli errori, la stabilizzazione dei qubit e l’abbattimento dei costi di produzione. Il prossimo decennio sarà cruciale per determinare se i quantum computer diventeranno una tecnologia rivoluzionaria o se rimarranno confinati a pochi ambiti di ricerca.

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