Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Site::$pingback is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/Site.php on line 180

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\User::$name is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/User.php on line 118

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Post::$_wp_old_date is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/Core.php on line 71

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Post::$tipologia is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/Core.php on line 71

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Post::$attributi is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/Core.php on line 71

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Timber\Post::$fonte is deprecated in /var/www/html/web/app/themes/ilsoftware/vendor/timber/timber/lib/Core.php on line 71

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Indirizzi IP: possono essere espressi anche come decimali. Molto più di una curiosità

Indirizzi IP: possono essere espressi anche come decimali. Molto più di una curiosità

Gli sviluppatori malware abusano della conversione tra indirizzi IPv4 e rappresentazione decimale. Cosa significa.
Indirizzi IP: possono essere espressi anche come decimali. Molto più di una curiosità

Un indirizzo IP è un elemento che si utilizza nelle reti informatiche per identificare univocamente un dispositivo. Le reti basate sull’Internet Protocol (IP) come Internet utilizzano proprio gli indirizzi IP instradare e indirizzare i pacchetti dati verso le destinazioni corrette. Un indirizzo IP è assegnato a ciascuna interfaccia di rete utilizzata dal singolo host e si distingue tra indirizzo privato e pubblico.

Per stabilire il mio IP ci sono vari strumenti e servizi: in Windows, ad esempio, il comando ipconfig /all consente di stabilire l’indirizzo IP attribuito a ciascuna delle schede di rete (Ethernet e WiFi) utilizzate dal dispositivo; Maxmind permette invece non solo di conoscere il proprio indirizzo IP pubblico ma anche effettuarne la geolocalizzazione. Sa valutare in quale area del mondo si trova fisicamente l’utente esaminando solamente l’IP pubblico.

La struttura degli indirizzi IPv4

Un indirizzo IPv4 è lungo 32 bit ed è suddiviso in quattro ottetti da 8 bit ciascuno; gli indirizzi IPv6 hanno una lunghezza di 128 bit e vengono rappresentati come 8 gruppi, separati da due punti, di 4 cifre esadecimali (8 word di 16 bit ciascuna) in cui le lettere vengono scritte in forma minuscola. Per abbreviare la notazione ed eliminare i gruppi di zeri, una sequenza di zeri contigui composta da 2 o più gruppi può essere contratta con la semplice sequenza :: (doppi due punti).

Sebbene gli indirizzi IPv6 siano 4 volte più lunghi di quelli IPv4, questi ultimi possono comunque essere scritti con la notazione IPv6.

Gli indirizzi IP sono in realtà numeri decimali

Ciò che non è molto noto è che gli indirizzi IP possono essere convertiti in decimali e viceversa. Provate a digitare nella barra degli indirizzi del browser Web https://134744072: verrete automaticamente reindirizzati alla home page del servizio DNS Google.

Ancora, digitate cmd nella casella di ricerca di Windows quindi scrivete ping 134744072: otterrete risposta dai server DNS di Google (IP 8.8.8.8).

Il servizio online IPv4 Converter consente di trasformare qualunque indirizzo IP nella notazione decimale o esadecimale. Sì, perché in termini tecnici, un indirizzo IPv4 non è altro che un intero senza segno a 32 bit.

Per ottenere il numero intero corrispondente a un indirizzo IPv4 è sufficiente usare una semplice formula: ad esempio l’IP privato 192.168.1.1 equivale a (192 * 2563) + (168 * 2562) + (1 * 2561) + (1 * 2560) = 3232235777.

Un indirizzo come 1.1.1.1, DNS di Cloudflare, corrisponde al valore decimale seguente:

(1 * 2563) + (1 * 2562) + (1 * 2561) + (1 * 2560) = 16843009

Dal punto di vista estetico, alcuni indirizzi decimali interi sono considerati “belli”, come quelli con valori contenenti molti zeri finali: 100000000 o 1000000000. Spesso corrispondono al primo indirizzo di una sottorete. Il valore intero 10000000 non è accettabile perché non supera la soglia per il primo ottetto.

A ricordare la corrispondenza tra la rappresentazione classica degli indirizzi IP e quella in decimale o esadecimale è l’esperto di sicurezza Didier Stevens segnalando che alcuni malware puntano alle versioni “alternative” degli indirizzi evidentemente con il preciso obiettivo di sfuggire ai meccanismi di protezione utilizzati a livello di singolo host o di rete aziendale.

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