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La crisi energetica degli USA: il ruolo dei datacenter e dell'AI

Resteremo tutti al buio per colpa dell'AI? Che sta succedendo in America

I datacenter consumano quantità enormi di energia elettrica e rendono instabile la rete: in USA si vedono già i primi effetti.
Resteremo tutti al buio per colpa dell'AI? Che sta succedendo in America

La crescente pressione sulla rete elettrica USA sta portando a una crisi energetica che potrebbe culminare in blackout e instabilità entro il 2030. Un’analisi di Schneider Electric, basata sui dati della North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), evidenzia che i datacenter per l’AI rappresentano una delle principali fonti di pressione, con il consumo energetico previsto in aumento esponenziale.

Datacenter: che sta succedendo in USA

Le regioni in cui la situazione della rete elettrica è più critica a causa dei datacenter sono Northern Virginia, Dallas/Ft Worth, Chicago, Phoenix e Silicon Valley. Qui, la capacità di generazione elettrica rischia di non tenere il passo con la crescente domanda energetica. Secondo le stime, entro il 2030, i consumi dei datacenter potrebbero raddoppiare, alimentati dalla rapida diffusione delle applicazioni di intelligenza artificiale.

Non solo l’AI contribuisce a questa situazione. Anche l’incremento dei veicoli elettrici, il reshoring industriale e l’elettrificazione di settori tradizionali aumentano la pressione sul sistema. Tuttavia, l’espansione delle infrastrutture di produzione e distribuzione procede a rilento, ostacolata da complessi iter autorizzativi. Questo ritardo sta spingendo gli operatori di datacenter a esplorare alternative, come Louisiana, Mississippi e Wisconsin, meno congestionate rispetto alle aree tradizionali.

Le soluzioni energetiche autonome stanno guadagnando popolarità. Tra queste, turbine a gas naturale, generatori a biocarburanti, sistemi eolici e solari integrati, e tecnologie di accumulo energetico (scelta fatta da Elon Musk per il suo nuovo enorme datacenter). Nel Regno Unito, ad esempio, una startup sta sviluppando datacenter modulari in container alimentati da generatori a biogas, riducendo così la dipendenza dalla rete elettrica tradizionale.

Nonostante le proiezioni indichino una capacità sufficiente a soddisfare la domanda di base, la mancanza di riserve adeguate rende il sistema vulnerabile a imprevisti. Un singolo guasto a un grande generatore potrebbe provocare interruzioni significative nelle aree più sensibili.

Con l’AI la CO2 si impenna

La crescita dei datacenter per l’AI sta inoltre complicando gli obiettivi di decarbonizzazione. Le emissioni di CO2 restano elevate poiché molte centrali a combustibili fossili, inizialmente destinate alla dismissione, sono ancora operative per far fronte alla domanda crescente.

Di fronte a queste sfide, Schneider Electric consiglia agli sviluppatori di datacenter di collaborare con i fornitori di energia per pianificare in modo strategico l’ubicazione degli impianti e le connessioni necessarie. Inoltre, promuove l’adozione di modelli come l’energy-as-a-service, che delegano completamente la gestione energetica, consentendo agli operatori di concentrarsi sulle proprie attività principali.

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