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Ricercatori creano la prima forma di vita sintetica tramite AI

Ricercatori creano la prima forma di vita sintetica tramite AI

Creato un batterio sintetico con 19 aminoacidi grazie all'AI: la biologia sintetica supera un limite storico.
Ricercatori creano la prima forma di vita sintetica tramite AI

Un gruppo di scienziati di Columbia University, MIT e Harvard ha creato un ceppo di Escherichia coli capace di sopravvivere con soli 19 dei 20 aminoacidi considerati universalmente essenziali.

Il risultato, pubblicato sulla rivista Science, segna una svolta nella biologia sintetica e riapre domande fondamentali sull’origine della vita. Il mercato globale della synthetic biology, trainato da farmaceutica e biotecnologie industriali, potrebbe superare i 70 miliardi di dollari entro fine decennio: un contesto in cui scoperte simili acquistano un peso economico oltre che scientifico.

Come è stata creata questa nuova forma di vita?

L’aminoacido rimosso è l’isoleucina, molecola idrofobica coinvolta nella stabilità strutturale di molte proteine cellulari.

I ricercatori hanno scelto E. coli per la sua manipolabilità in laboratorio e hanno concentrato gli interventi sulle proteine ribosomiali, quelle che governano la sintesi di tutte le altre proteine. In totale, 21 proteine ribosomiali sono state riprogettate sostituendo l’isoleucina con valina o leucina, molecole chimicamente affini ma non identiche.

Il ruolo dell’Intelligenza Artificiale è stato centrale. Algoritmi di protein engineering predittivo hanno simulato migliaia di configurazioni possibili, valutando stabilità conformazionale e probabilità di collasso funzionale prima ancora di intervenire biologicamente. Tecniche analoghe derivano dai modelli di folding proteico sviluppati da piattaforme come AlphaFold. Senza questo supporto computazionale, il progetto avrebbe richiesto tempi incompatibili con la sperimentazione pratica.

Il ceppo ottenuto continua a utilizzare l’isoleucina in altre regioni del genoma: per questo gli autori parlano di organismo sintetico a 19 aminoacidi, non ancora di forma di vita completamente indipendente da quella molecola.

Origini della vita, industria e i limiti da non ignorare

La scoperta offre supporto sperimentale a un’ipotesi consolidata in biologia evolutiva: le prime forme di vita terrestri potrebbero aver operato con un repertorio biochimico più ridotto rispetto a quello attuale, ampliato nel corso di miliardi di anni per ottenere maggiore efficienza metabolica. Interessa anche l’astrobiologia, poiché organismi extraterrestri potrebbero utilizzare combinazioni aminoacidiche diverse dagli standard terrestri.

Sul piano applicativo, microrganismi con codice genetico ridotto risultano più controllabili e meno compatibili con l’ambiente naturale, una caratteristica rilevante per biosicurezza e farmaceutica. Batteri sintetici potrebbero produrre enzimi industriali, farmaci complessi o biomateriali difficili da ottenere per via naturale. Alcuni ricercatori ipotizzano anche cellule resistenti a virus convenzionali grazie a un codice genetico incompatibile con quello standard.

Restano però limiti concreti. Ridurre il numero di aminoacidi disponibili può compromettere flessibilità evolutiva e stabilità metabolica. La costruzione di organismi geneticamente isolati richiede sistemi rigorosi di contenimento biologico. Il traguardo di una cellula completamente indipendente dal ventesimo aminoacido richiederà ulteriori modifiche e probabilmente nuove architetture cellulari. Questo risultato, tuttavia, segna già un punto di non ritorno per la biologia contemporanea.

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